Very low and extremely low birth weight

Main Article Content

Óscar Eduardo Castro-Delgado
Íngrid Salas-Delgado
Francisco Alfredo Acosta-Argoty
Mario Delgado-Noguera
José Andrés Calvache

Abstract

DOI: 10.1016/j.rcpe.2016.02.002


Background


Birthweight is one of the biggest predictors of infant mortality, and is associated with high levels of morbidity. In developing countries, infants with very low birth weight (less than 1,500g) have 200 times more risk of mortality compared with babies of the appropriate weight. Very low and extremely low birthweight (less than 1,000g) leaves sequelae in children, and causes disruptions in their families.


Objectives


A narrative review is presented on very low and extremely low birthweight, taking into account topics such as definitions, associated factors, morbidity, mortality, and prevention of these outcomes.


Methodology


An exhaustive search was conducted in literature databases of Medline, Lilacs, and Google Scholar with MeSH terms: “infant”, “very low birthweight”; “extremely low birthweight”; “risk factors”; “morbidity”; “mortality”, and “prevention”; and in Spanish: “recién nacido de muy bajo peso”, “recién nacido con peso al nacer extremadamente bajo”, “factores de riesgo”, “morbilidad”, “mortalidad” y “prevención”. Articles published in the last ten years up to 31 January 2016, were included


Results


Although infants with very low birth weight account for 1 to 1.5% of total births, they contribute significantly to neonatal mortality (50% to 70%) and child mortality (25% to 40%) in the Southern Cone in South America. The associated factors found depend on where they were studied. In developed countries, associations were found with: hypertensive vascular disease, history of previous abortion, and previous stillbirth. In developing countries it was found to be significantly associated with lack of prenatal care, with an OR of 3.8 (3.0-5.0); pre-eclampsia, OR 7.3 (5.1 to 10.6); bleeding, OR 7.5 (5.0 to 11.1), and preterm labour, with an OR of 15.9 (12.1 to 21.0). The complications that arise can be short or long-term: hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, asphyxia, respiratory distress, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, hyperbilirubinaemia, infection, neurological and sensory problems, and even cardiovascular disease in adulthood.


Conclusions


More preventive strategies are required in Colombia to avoid such outcomes. This is observed in the DANE statistics that show that the proportion of low birthweight has not decreased since 2008, and is currently at 9.1%.


 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Castro-Delgado, Óscar E., Salas-Delgado, Íngrid, Acosta-Argoty, F. A., Delgado-Noguera, M., & Calvache, J. A. (2016). Very low and extremely low birth weight. Pediatría, 49(1), 23–30. Retrieved from https://revistapediatria.org/rp/article/view/29
Section
Review topics

References

1 R. Black
Global prevalence of small for gestational age births. Low-birthweight baby: Born too soon or too small
Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series, 81 (2014), pp. 1664-2147

2 Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social - Colciencias. Guía de práctica clínica del recién nacido prematuro. Guía No. 04. Centro Nacional de Investigación en Evidencia y Tecnologías en Salud CINETS; 2013. Fecha de consulta: 4 de abril de 2015. Disponible en: http://gpc.minsalud.gov.co/Documents/Guias-PDF-recursos/prematuros/GPC_Prof_Sal_Premat.pdf.

3 S. Badshah,L. Mason,K. McKelvie,R. Payne,P.J. Lisboa
Risk factors for low birthweight in the public-hospitals at Peshawar, NWFP-Pakistan
BMC Public Health., 8 (2008), pp. 187-188 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-187
Medline

4 Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Mortalidad evitable en Colombia para 1998-2011. Capítulo 6. Analisis multinivel de la mortalidad infantil en Colombia. Fecha de consulta: 3 de junio de 2015. Disponible en: http://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/IA/INS/Informe3-ME-ONS-Definitivo.pdf.

5 K.K. Roy,J. Baruah,S. Kumar,N. Malhotra,A.K. Deorari,J.B. Sharma
Maternal antenatal profile and immediate neonatal outcome in VLBW and ELBW babies
Indian J Pediatr., 73 (2006), pp. 669-673
Artículo | Medline

6 R. Fernández,I. D’Apremont,A. Domínguez,J.L. Tapia
Supervivencia y morbilidad en recién nacidos de muy bajo peso al nacer en una red neonatal sudamericana
Arch Argent Pediatr., 112 (2014), pp. 405-412 http://dx.doi.org/10.5546/aap.2014.405
Medline

7 A. Matijasevich,F.C. Barros,J. Díaz-Rosello,E. Bergel,A.C. Forteza
Factores de riesgo para muy bajo peso al nacer y peso al nacer entre 1.500-2.499 gramos: un estudio del sector público de Montevideo, Uruguay
Arch Pediatr Urug., 75 (2004), pp. 26-35
Artículo

8 V. Daza,W. Jurado,D. Duarte,I. Gich,C.H. Sierra-Torres,M. Delgado-Noguera
Low birth weight: Exploring of some risk factors at the San José teaching hospital in Popayán, Colombia
Rev Colomb Obstet Ginecol., 60 (2009), pp. 124-134

9 L. Furman,J. Baley,E. Borawski-Clark,S. Aucott,M. Hack
Hospitalization as a measure of morbidity among very low birth weight infants with chronic lung disease
J Pediatr., 128 (1996), pp. 447-452
Artículo | Medline

10 S. Saigal
Follow-up of very low birthweight babies to adolescence
Semin Neonatol., 5 (2000), pp. 107-118 http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/siny.1999.0003
Medline

11 O. Finnström,P.O. Gäddlin,I. Leijon,S. Samuelsson,M. Wadsby
Very-low-birth-weight children at school age: Academic achievement, behavior and self-esteem and relation to risk factors
J Matern-Fetal Neonatal Med, 14 (2003), pp. 75-84 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/jmf.14.2.75.84
Artículo | Medline

12 I. Brandt,E.J. Sticker,M.J. Lentze
Catch-up growth of head circumference of very low birth weight, small for gestational age preterm infants and mental development to adulthood
J Pediatr., 142 (2003), pp. 463-468 http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2003.149
Medline

13 Restrepo M. Bajo peso al nacer. Trabajo realizado en el Centro Latinoamericano de Perinatología y Desarrollo Humano (CLAP). Publicación científica No. 937. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 1981. Fecha de consulta: 3 de junio de 2015. Disponible en: http://www.clap.ops- oms.org/web_2005/BOLETINES%20Y%20NOVEDADES/EDICIONES%20DEL%20CLAP/CLAP%200937.pdf.

14 UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital. Intensive Care Nursery House Staff Manual. Very low and extremely low birthweight infants, 2004. Fecha de consulta: 1(de junio de 2015. Disponible en: http://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/pdf/manuals/20_VLBW_ELBW.pdf.

15 M. Bortman Risk factors for low birthweight
Rev Panam Salud Pública., 3 (1998), pp. 314-321
Medline

16 H.L. Allpas-Gómez,J. Raraz-Vidal,O. Raraz-Vidal
Factores asociados al bajo peso al nacer en un hospital de Huánuco
Acta Médica Perú., 31 (2014), pp. 79-83

17 H. Gala-Vidal,E. Crespo-Mengana,R.C. García-Díaz,J. Bertrán-Bahades,Á.O. Valón-Rodríguez
Factores de riesgo asociados al bajo peso al nacer en una comunidad venezolana
MEDISAN., 14 (2010), pp. 18-38

18 M.P. Vélez-Gómez,F.C. Barros,L.G. Echavarría-Restrepo,M.P. Hormaza-Angel
Low birthweight prevalence and associated maternal factors at the Bolivariana teaching hospital's Maternal and Infant Protection and Attention Unit in Medellín, Colombia
Rev Colomb Obstet Ginecol., 57 (2006), pp. 264-270

19 L.P. Torres-Arreola,P. Constantino-Casas,S. Flores-Hernández,J.P. Villa-Barragán,E. Rendón-Macías
Socioeconomic factors and low birth weight in Mexico
BMC Public Health., 5 (2005), pp. 20-29 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-5-20
Medline

20 H. Mejías-Salas,G. Córdova,J.C. Fernández
Factores de riesgo para muerte perinatal en el hospital Los Andes, El Alto, Bolivia
Cuad Hosp Clín., 47 (2001), pp. 47-62

21 R. Hagan,H. Benninger,D. Chiffings,S. Evans,N. French
Very preterm birth--a regional study. Part 1: Maternal and obstetric factors
Br J Obstet Gynaecol., 103 (1996), pp. 230-238
Artículo | Medline

22 P.Y. Ancel,M.J. Saurel-Cubizolles,G. Carlo Di Renzo,E. Papiernik,G. Bréart
A complete list of members of the Europop Group may be found on page 1169. Very and moderate preterm births: Are the risk factors different?
BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol., 106 (1999), pp. 1162-1170
Artículo

23 A. Sehgal,S. Telang,M. Passa
Maternal and neonatal profile and immediate outcome in ELBW babies
Indian Pediatr., 40 (2003), pp. 991-995
Medline

24 Poudel P, Budhathoki S, Shrivastava MK. Maternal risk factors and morbidity pattern of very low birthweight infants: A NICU Based Study at Eastern Nepal. Fecha de consulta: 2 de abril de 2015. Disponible en: http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/JNPS/article/view/2040/1874.

25 A.Y. Munshi,Omar Balbaid,N.A. Qureshi
Prevalence and risk factors of very low birth weight in infants born at the maternity and children hospitals in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia during 2012-2013
Br J Med Med Res., 4 (2014), pp. 4553-4569

26 P. Durán
Nutrición temprana y enfermedades en la edad adulta: acerca de la «hipótesis de Barker»
Arch Argent Pediatr., 102 (2004), pp. 26-34

27 Euroneonet. General report for very-low-birth-weight/Very-Low-Gestational-Age Infants. Fecha de consulta: 2 de abril de 2015. Disponible en: http://www.euroneonet.eu/paginas/publicas/euroneo/euroneonet/Documents/ENNGeneralReport2006-2011.pdf.

28 J.D. Horbar,J.H. Carpenter,G.J. Badger,M.J. Kenny,R.F. Soll,K.A. Morrow
Mortality and neonatal morbidity among infants 501 to 1500 grams from 2000 to 2009
Pediatrics., 129 (2012), pp. 1019-1026 http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3028
Artículo | Medline

29 B.J. Stoll,N.I. Hansen,E.F. Bell,S. Shankaran,A.R. Laptook,M.C. Walsh
Neonatal outcomes of extremely preterm infants from the NICHD Neonatal Research Network
Pediatrics., 126 (2010), pp. 443-456 http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-2959
Medline

30 P.S. Shah,K. Sankaran,K. Aziz,A.C. Allen,M. Seshia,A. Ohlsson
Outcomes of preterm infants <29 weeks gestation over 10-year period in Canada: A cause for concern?
J Perinatol Off J Calif Perinat Assoc., 32 (2012), pp. 132-138

31 K. Mukhopadhyay,D. Louis,R. Mahajan,P. Kumar
Predictors of mortality and major morbidities in extremely low birth weight neonates
Indian Pediatr., 50 (2013), pp. 1119-1123
Medline

32 F. Nayeri,H. Dalili,F. Nili,E. Amini,A. Ardehali,M. Khoshkrood
Risk factors for neonatal mortality among very low birth weight neonates
Acta Med Iran., 51 (2013), pp. 297-302
Medline

33 J. Chirinos,M. Oliveros,L. Ramírez
Nutrición parenteral total en el recién nacido de muy bajo peso
Diagnóstico Perú., 39 (2000), pp. 87-93

34 O. Donohue,M. Angel,R. Shimabuku,J. Chirinos,A. Barrientos
Factores de riesgo asociados a muerte hospitalaria en recién nacidos de muy bajo peso en el Perú
Diagnóstico Perú., 46 (2007), pp. 7-14

35 R.-A. de Regnier
Neurophysiologic evaluation of brain function in extremely premature newborn infants
Semin Perinatol., 32 (2008), pp. 2-10 http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2007.12.003
Medline

36 Follow-up care of high-risk infants. Pediatrics. 2004; 114(Suppl.5):1377-97.

37 C. Limperopoulos,H. Bassan,N.R. Sullivan,J.S. Soul,R.L. Robertson,M. Moore
Positive screening for autism in ex-preterm infants: Prevalence and risk factors
Pediatrics., 121 (2008), pp. 758-765 http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-2158
Artículo | Medline

38 K.H. Grunewaldt,T. Fjørtoft,K.J. Bjuland,A.-M. Brubakk,L. Eikenes,A.K. Håberg
Follow-up at age 10 years in ELBW children - functional outcome, brain morphology and results from motor assessments in infancy
Early Hum Dev., 90 (2014), pp. 571-578 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.07.005
Medline

39 Ministerio de la Protección Social. Guía 412. Guía No. 3. Guía para la detección temprana de las alteraciones del embarazo. Fecha de consulta: 3 de junio de 2015. Disponible en: http://www.nacer.udea.edu.co/pdf/libros/guiamps/guias03.pdf.

40 B.A. Haider,M.Y. Yakoob,Z.A. Bhutta
Effect of multiple micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and birth outcomes
BMC Public Health., 11 (2011), pp. S19 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-S3-S19
Medline

41 M.C. Lu,V. Tache,G.R. Alexander,M. Kotelchuck,N. Halfon
Preventing low birth weight: Is prenatal care the answer?
J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med., 13 (2003), pp. 362-380 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/jmf.13.6.362.380
Medline

42 J. Lumley,C. Chamberlain,T. Dowswell,S. Oliver,L. Oakley,L. Watson
Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy
Cochrane Database Syst Rev., (2009), pp. CD001055
Artículo

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Similar Articles

<< < 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.