Vegetarian diet in pediatrics, an analysis from pediatrics and nutrition
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The number of people who decide to start a vegetarian diet has been increasing in recent years due to cultural, family, religious, and individual factors. In most cases, in pediatrics, the parents decide to change their children's usual diet. It is essential to know the benefits and risks of dietary restriction and receive adequate guidance on a meal plan. A complete, sufficient, balanced, and varied meal to avoid the complications that a diet of these characteristics could generate in the health, nutritional status, and comprehensive development of the child when it is not appropriately implemented. Vegetarian diets can be carried out in the pediatric population as long as specialists plan them in pediatrics and pediatric nutrition to include a wide variety of vegetables, fortified foods, and the appropriate micronutrient supplementation according to age. The following review aims to update the scientific literature on the implementation of vegetarian diets in the pediatric population, considering benefits, risks, monitoring, and supplementation.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons
License Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
You are free to:
Share - copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
Adapt - remix, transform, and build upon the material The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
• Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
• NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
• ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
• No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
References
Comité Nacional de Nutrición. Dietas vegetarianas en la infancia. Arch Argent Pediatr 2020; 118(4):S130-S141.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.5546/aap.2020.S130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5546/aap.2020.s130
Redecilla-Ferreiro S, López AM y Moreno-Villares JM. Recomendaciones del Comité de Nutrición y Lactancia Materna de la Asociación Española de Pediatría sobre las dietas vegetarianas. An Pediatr (Barc). 2020;92(5):301-306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.10.013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.10.013
Agnoli C, Baroni L, Bertini I, et al. Position paper on vegetarian diets from the working group of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases (2017) 27, 1037e1052. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.10.020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2017.10.020
Farran A, Illan M, Padró L. Dieta vegetariana y otras dietas alternativas. Pediatr Integral. 2015; 19(5): 313-323.
Position ofthe Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets . J Acad Nutr Diet 2016;116(12):1970-1980. DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025.
Refsum H, Yajnik CS, Gadkari M, Schneede J, Vollset SE, Orning L, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia and elevated methylmalonic acid indicate a high prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in Asian Indians. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74(2): 233-241. DOI: doi: 10.1093/ajcn/74.2.233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/74.2.233
Fewtrell M, Bronsky J, Campoy C, Domellöf M, Embleton N, Fidler Mis N, et al. Complementary feeding: A position paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2017;64:119-32. DOI:10.1097/MPG.0000000000001454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000001454
Melina V, Craig W, Levin S. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian diets. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116:1970-80.DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025
Yen CE, Yen CH, Huang MC, Cheng CH, Huang YC. Dietary intake and nutritional status of vegetarian and omnivorous preschool children and their parents in Taiwan. Nutr Res. 2008;28:430-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.03.012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2008.03.012
Dwyer JT, Andrew EM, Berkey C, Valadian I, Reed RB. Growth in “new” vegetarian preschool children using the Jenss-Bayley curve fitting technique. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;37:815-27. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/37.5.815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/37.5.815
Hebbelinck M, Clarys P, De Malsche MA. Growth, development, and physical fitness of Flemish vegetarian children, adolescents, and young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:579-85. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/37.5.815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/70.3.579s
Martínez Biarge M. Niños vegetarianos ¿niños sanos? AEPap Curso de Actualización Pediatría. Madrid: Lúa Ediciones; 2017:253-68.
Pawlak R1, Parrott SJ, Raj S, Cullum-Dugan D, Lucus D. How prevalent is vitamin B12 deficiency among vegetarians?. Nutr Rev. 2013;71:110-7. DOI:10.1111/nure.12001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12001
Van Winckel M, Vande Velde S, De Bruyne R, Van Biervliet S. Clinical practice: vegetarian infant and child nutrition. Eur J Pediatr. 2011 Dec;170(12):1489-94. doi: 10.1007/s00431-011-1547-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-011-1547-x
Baroni L, Goggi S, Battaglino R, Berveglieri M, Fasan I, Filippin D, et al. Vegan nutrition for mothers and children: Practical tools for healthcare providers. Nutrients. 2018;11, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11010005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010005
Hunt JR. Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78 Suppl:633-9. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/78.3.633S. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.3.633S
Heaney RP, Weaver CM. Calcium absorption from kale. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;51:656-7. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/51.4.656. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/51.4.656
Dagnelie PC, Vergote FJ, van Staveren WA, van den BH, Dingjan PG, Hautvast JG. High prevalence of rickets in infants on macrobiotic diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51:202.8. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/51.2.202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/51.2.202
Munns CF, Shaw N, Kiely M, Specker BL, Thacher TD, Ozono K, et al. Global consensus recommendations on prevention and management of nutritional rickets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:394-415. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2175
Wagner L, Greer FR. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2008;122:1142-52.DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-1862. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-1862
Braegger C, Campoy C, Colomb V, et al. Vitamin D in the healthy European paediatric population. JPGN. 2013;56:692–701. DOI:10.1097/MPG.0b013e31828f3c05. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31828f3c05
Watanabe F, Yabuta Y, Tanioka Y, Bito T. Biologically active vitamin B12 compounds in foods for preventing deficiency among vegetarians and elderly subjects. J Agric Food Chem 2013;61:6769-75. DOI: 10.1021/jf401545z. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf401545z
Allen LH. How common is vitamin B-12 deficiency? Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:693-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26947A. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26947A
Snow D. Vegetarian diet during pregnancy: Making sure vitamin B12 intake is adequate. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2018;43:53, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NMC. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/NMC.0000000000000400
Schürmann S, Kersting M, Alexy U. Vegetarian diets in children: A systematic review. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56:1797---817, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1416-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1416-0
Messina V, Mangels AR. Considerations in planning vegan diets: children. J Am Diet Assoc 2001;101:661-9. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00167-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00167-5
Randev S, Pankaj K, Guglani V. Vitamin D Supplementation in Childhood – A Review of Guidelines. Indian J Pediatr. 2018;85(3):194-201. DOI: doi: 10.1007/s12098-017-2476-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-017-2476-0